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Hongshan culture jade animal shape
The jade material is made into various utensils or decorations. It is the longest continuous wrapping process in China. From the archaeological data, China's jade culture has a long history of about 10,000 years. It has a long history and has been continuously developed through the dynasties. It has created an exquisite and unique art kingdom. With the use of jade articles for production and decoration, after reaching the altar to communicate the gods and advertise the nobles and infiltrate into the social life of the original group of the clan group, its mysterious and lofty connotations are gradually perfected, and gradually become broad and tangled independent norms. And form, become an indispensable link to maintain the survival and development of social groups.
The first prosperity of Chinese jade culture from north to south, this is the two jade cultures of Hongshan culture (about 5900 years ago) - Liangzhu culture (from 5300 to 4200 years ago) Jade wares and jade articles unearthed from the tombs of the anti-mountain and Yaoshan altars are representative. Since then, Longshan Culture (now Shandong, Shanxi), Qijia culture has set off a small climax from east to west.
Chinese jade is the "Mei Shi" that the ancestors screened out from a variety of stones. It has a warm and radiant, meticulous and tough aesthetic and practical function. This screening process is extremely long and can be said to have been through the Stone Age. For example, the “Beijingers†from 700,000 to 200,000 years ago found crystals and tools on the granite slopes; in the late Paleolithic period, primitive tribes in the northeast, southwest, and Taiwan used agate, jade, crystal, and twilight. The stone tools of the ancient stone; finally formed the three sections of the northeast of Qi Qi, the southeast of Yao Yao and the northwest of the ball and other jade materials, each independently developed into a system of complete mutual influence of the original jade culture. Even in the era of civilization, this screening process is still not finished. According to historical records, there are roughly 100 kinds of jade materials screened in history. According to the "Shan Hai Jing", there are 155 places of jade and Yushan. In the screening process, most of them have been eliminated. There are very few to stay today, only Hetian jade, Xiuyan jade, Nanyang jade, jade jade and other jade materials.
Ancient Chinese jade culture is a reflection of ancient social politics and economy. Once it has a perfect form, it will have such influence on political rule and economic foundation. Therefore, the ancient Chinese jade culture is a special field in the social superstructure. We should observe and explore the cultural connotation, form evolution and its relationship with other cultures from the perspective of social and cultural traditions.
All kinds of jade articles of Chinese dynasties are dazzling, and after they are born, they are controlled and widely used by powerful groups, such as the use of gods for Fury, for sacrifices, for wearing, etc. In short, the major activities of social life are inseparable from jade. The powerful people are still buried in jade after sickness. Some tribes use jade to make tools or decorate their ears. The primitive ancestors of ancient society not only created a large number of material but also rich, but also established an active and orderly cultural framework, in which the important position of jade was established. Today, we can confirm through the Neolithic tombs and jade artifacts unearthed in the ruins that the early jade culture laid the first cornerstone for the Huaxia Ancient Civilization Building.
After entering the civilized era, jade culture continued to develop, constantly updated, and has unlimited vitality. It occupied an important position in the social life of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin and Sui and Tang and Tang Dynasties. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, several ethnic regimes merged and merged, eventually leading to the unification of centralization. The jade culture of this period is connected with this objective background. It has its coherence and unity, its regionality and nationality, and it is characterized by incomparably rich and colorful. The Song and Yuan Ming and Qing dynasty cultures are the treasures of Chinese jade culture, shining with splendid brilliance, illuminating the jade altar of the next century.
This thesis takes the jade culture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the main exploration object, and compares the physical and literature from several aspects to explore the characteristics of its evolution.
Jade and sacrifice
The use of jade sacrifices has been around for a long time. "Zhou Li" notes: "Jade is used as a six-piece, to the heavens and the earth, to the heavens, to the heavens, to the sacred rituals to the east, to the south, to the south, to the west, to the north, to the north." The emperors of the past have to follow. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Taizu paid attention to the ritual system. "In the first place, he did not hesitate, he opened the ceremony, the second leg of the game, the Guangju gnome, and the study of Cao". Gu Li: "Yu Yu, Yu San, etc. God, Cangç’§; 皇祗祗; 黄ç®;......, Hongwu first year (1368) chasing the Tianmiao Temple number, the book used jade. The relationship between the jade articles of the Ming Dynasty and the sacrifices can be seen.
In the Qing Dynasty, after the Shunzhi people closed, all the great sacrifices and the dynasty of the dynasty were sacrificed to the gods. In the thirty-fourth year of Emperor Qianlong (1769), he encountered drought and asked for rain. He said: "Jade is in the valley of Yuyin, and it is easy to avoid floods and droughts, and it is necessary to use jade to hold things. Since then, it has been constant. Shunzhi In the first year (1644), he entered Taizu, Kaoci Hou, Taizong Jade Book, Yushi, and Feng'an Taimiao. The book was eight inches long and eight inches wide, three inches wide and nine points thick and four points thick. The book numbered dozen, the bottom two pages 镌 lift Dragon....Where the temple books and treasures are all jade, the color is green and white, the book is in the body, and the Baowen is nicknamed."
The use of jade articles for sacrificial rituals is an important aspect of the jade culture of the past dynasties. It is also part of the imperial jade used in the imperial court. It was developed from the development of the ancient six instruments.
Jade and funeral
The funeral jade has been in China for a long time. In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a jade-like jade used for the corpse - "Yumu", commonly known as "Jade Cover" or "Jade Mask". The jade jade of the Western Han Dynasty has reached its peak. After more than 900 years of imperialism in the Song Dynasty, emperors and wealthy families used the beloved jade that they had used in their lives to show their filial piety. In recent decades, many tombs with jade articles have been discovered. Unearthed a large number of jade articles, such as crowns, seals, ceremonies, literary layers, furnishings, etc., and also unearthed many jade literati, merchants used towel caps, accessories, tea sets, wine sets and other jade.
It can be seen that the burial custom of this period is different from that of the previous life. The jade used for the corpse is no longer used exclusively. The jade used for the corpse is the jade used before. The order of jade depends on the identity, status and economic status of the tomb. The emperor's jade jade is excellent in craftsmanship, exquisite in craftsmanship, and rich in variety. The number of jade articles in the city is small, the craft is not refined, and the jade quality is not good.
The emperor's burial jade in the Ming Dynasty can be seen from the jade artifacts unearthed from the emperor's tomb in Jiangxi. Such as the southwestern city of Jiangxi, Yiduan Wang Zhuyu Penang (1479 - 1539), Yu Yu has a sheep fat white jade belt, and its Peng Peng Yu Yu has grain grain Qingyu Gui, Yu Pei.
There are many jade artifacts unearthed in Mingding Mausoleum. There are Jintuo Yujue, Jintuo jade pots, pots, bowls, binaural jade cups, jade pendants, jade materials, etc., as well as jade belts, jade belt hooks, jade, jade Jade, jade materials, excellent craftsmanship, a wide variety, can be called the representative of the Ming Dynasty jade.
There are no official excavations of the imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty. Historical materials include the Qianlong Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi's funeral list for reference. The higher-level tombs excavated include the Black Shepherd's Tomb, and the tomb is only 7 years old. His father's forehead is the heavy minister of Kangxi's years. When Hessian died, he was the most proud of his forehead, so his son The tomb is built with a lot of jade, and there are 19 pieces of jade, jasper, white jade, white jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jasper, and jade. There are also a few pieces of Furong stone print, crystal print, crystal pen holder, etc., which is enough to reflect the rich situation of the number of jade articles in the Qing Dynasty.
The jade wares that were officially excavated and unearthed are almost all the jade used in the life or the old jade collected. It can explain the characteristics of the tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Jade and painting
China's paintings are mature late, and compared with the ancient jade, it is a kind of art that comes from behind. From the traces handed down, its maturity and prosperity were in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and literati paintings were formed in Yuanming. The prosperity period of Chinese jade culture is also in the heyday of painting art. Therefore, jade art is inevitably influenced by painting art and tends to be painted. The jade works in this period are full of paintings, and the paintings often express themes such as flowers and animals. Landscapes, figures, etc. have become the decorative patterns of the jade at this time or as the mother of the device. As long as we open the "Chinese Jade Complete Works", we can see many of these types of works.
The paintings of the Ming and Qing dynasties were the period of great development of "literati paintings". The jade articles of this period also evolved along with the literati paintings, and the patterns of poetry, books and paintings appeared. For example, in the book "Jade Excavation", the Ming Dynasty Qingyu Songyin Crowd Cup is a black-and-white jade, with the old man with the pine and Panasonic sticks on both sides, and the other two sides engraved with the poetry turtle. A few weights, the Zen family is clear and clear, and then there is no fear of finding a place, so remember the cliffs and the ancient pines." The "Mei Dao people play". This jade cup can be called a light ink landscape painting, and the picture can be seen as the influence of one of the Ming Dynasty's four paintings. More sculptures were engraved on the jade wares of the Qing Dynasty. For example, after the twenty-five years of Emperor Qianlong's paintings, the two sides of the jade are like paintings on rice paper or enamel. Hetian Qingyu flower pattern dragon ear ring bottle, Hetian Qingyu Camellia Tit bottle, Hetian Baiyu mountain water beast ear bottle and other works engraved flowers, animals, pines, landscapes, figures and other pictures, dazzling, beautiful, so that the viewers have a great appreciation of jade The feeling of reading. The above shows that the jade in this period is closely related to painting, and the jade culture is better than the previous generation.
Jade and sculpture
Since the engraving of jade works is very similar to the sculpture art, it has been influenced by sculpture art since ancient times. The zodiac jade carvings of the Han and Tang Dynasties have shown this trend. Later, jade articles of the past generations were also influenced by sculpture.
In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the jade carving expression techniques were mostly combined with "hidden", "starting" or "opening". It was connected with Buddhist sculptures and stone carvings at that time. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the jade carvings changed, the shape was geometric, and the accumulated composition of the flat cloth was used. The curves and the rice characters were used to connect the images, similar to the flower windows on the wall. The jade carvings of the Qing Dynasty inherited the tradition of the Ming Dynasty and were more elaborate in processing. This is the same place as the carving of the desk at that time. There were more furnishings and jade articles passed down during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
From the above brief narrative we can see that the jade is closely connected with its contemporary sculpture art, and their production process is basically the same. In the history of Chinese art, jade carving belongs to the category of sculpture art, but jade carving has its particularity. Because jade material is precious, it is also restricted by the shape of jade material in engraving. It is not like wood stone.
The above mainly analyzes the development of jade culture in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties from four aspects. Of course, China's jade culture is far more than these aspects. It has close ties with China's social politics, economy, culture and folk customs. An important part of ancient civilization. The jade articles in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are more diverse and exquisitely carved. They occupy an important position in the history of Chinese jade culture. So far, it is still the most attractive one in China.
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