Throughout the ages, the word "玉" is a beautiful and noble word in people's minds. People use jade characters to form countless words to express their favorite things, such as jade, jade, jade, jade, etc., and describe death for justice as "nearly jade, not tiled" . In today's daily life, jade articles are worn or furnished, but they are just ordinary decorations. The importance of jade in the history of Chinese civilization is not well known.
The jade culture stretches for 7000 years, and its charm has not diminished, and its vitality has become more and more vigorous. It cannot be said that it is a miracle in the history of world civilization. The profound influence of jade articles on ancient Chinese politics, etiquette, commerce, totems, religion, beliefs, and even customs and aesthetic tastes is unmatched by any other ancient artifacts. It is a god worshipped by ancient ancestors, a symbol of the strict ceremonial hierarchy, an expression of the ancient aesthetic concept, and an embodiment of the Chinese nation's good character. The history of the development of a jade is a history of Chinese civilization. The Chinese nation is known as the "love jade" and "respect jade".
Jade artifacts are both spiritual wealth and material wealth in ancient society. The unique luster and warm inner quality of jade make it a supernatural object, which is endowed with the beauty of humanity. The ancients seem to have devoted all their wisdom and enthusiasm to jade. The so-called "gentleman is better than jade", "German" is not only the characteristics of jade, but also anthropomorphic and moral, and has become a symbol of the good character of the gentleman in the minds of the ancients. The rareness of jade and the difficulty of carving, and the use of jade rituals, make the value of jade the first of the treasures, the ancients have the saying that "gold is valuable and jade is priceless."
Xianmin jade
Jade is highly valued and respected by its beautiful appearance and warm internal quality. As a craft, its production is related to the aesthetic concept of the ancients. So, when did the jade jewelry first appear?
Our ancestors have gone through millions of years of development before humanity ushered in the dawn of civilization. In the late Paleolithic period between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, with the progress of the stone-making process, the living conditions have been significantly improved. In some primitive humans in the Yellow River and Liaohe River Basin in the north of China, aesthetic consciousness gradually emerges. This kind of consciousness is reflected in real life, that is, many body decorations made of animal teeth and bones are produced. Although jade ornaments have not appeared in the Paleolithic era, the appearance of other various body materials has shown the emergence of aesthetic concepts and the increasing enrichment of people's spiritual world, all of which laid the foundation for the birth of jade jewelry.
In the Neolithic Age, people generally used grinding tools, and the production skills had a major leap, which led to the development of jade technology. According to the current archaeological excavation data, the earliest jade appeared in the Xinglongyu Cultural Relics of Aohan Banner in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and the Chahai Cultural Relics in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province. The ages of these two sites are 7000 to 8000 years ago. Dozens of jade articles were unearthed. These jade objects are pure in color and smooth in grinding. From the analysis of the jade shape, the exquisite craftsmanship and the accuracy of the material selection, the jade production and use at that time was relatively developed. The emergence of jade is closely related to the improvement of human production skills from stone making to grinding stone tools, because the most basic steps in making a jade are cutting, honing and drilling, which requires relatively high grinding technology. In order to produce a jade product with a certain beautiful appearance.
In addition to China, there are two other places in the world known for their jade crafts, namely Central America and New Zealand. The jade articles produced in these two places are far less than the ancient Chinese jade in terms of styling, ornamentation, and duration and quantity. Therefore, the Chinese jade craftsmanship plays an extremely important role in the history of the world.
Jade
Primitive humans have a developmental process of understanding jade. At that time, people often regarded the color stone as finer than the general stone, which is more delicate and hard, and the color is gorgeous and similar to jade. Therefore, the ancient concept of jade is "the beauty of stone". "And give these mysterious "beautiful stones" a function of faith and worship.
Due to the low level of production technology, it is not easy to process these jade materials, so the color stone made of enamel is more precious. This is the first understanding of jade by human beings. At that time, the jade material was more complicated. It was not made of pure jade material like the later jade, but mixed with various stones. Therefore, the jade can be called “color stone jade†at this time. Nowadays, people often use the texture to be hard and delicate, the color is warm and elegant, the hardness is large, and it has a sense of transparency. The rocks and minerals suitable for carving into arts and crafts are called jade.
The material of jade has a wide and narrow meaning. Jade in a broad sense includes nephrite, jadeite, jasper, serpentine, crystal, chalcedony, agate, plagioclase, zoisite, white marble, quartzite, hibiscus, turquoise, lapis lazuli and so on. The narrow jade refers to nephrite, jadeite, serpentine and zoisite. This definition is strict and scientific, so it is widely used.
From the mineralogy point of view, nephrite is a group of hornblende group of hornblende group of tremolite-male-rock-iron-positive stone with a felt-like, cluster-like, bundle-like interwoven fiber microstructure, with grease Waxy luster, Mohs hardness 6-6.5 degrees, specific gravity 2.96-3.17. The quality of nephrite depends on its microstructural characteristics, that is, the thickness of the tremolite-mistolite interweaving fiber. The finer the fiber, the better the quality. The high-quality white nephrite is composed of tremolite, which is not widely distributed and rare. As the ancients said: “Jade is less expensive and more stone is used.†The color of nephrite depends on the trace elements contained in the mineral. The iron-free tremolite is white or light gray; the iron-containing tremolite is pale green or brown.
Nephrite is the most important jade species in China, mainly produced in the Hetian area of ​​Xinjiang. Hetian jade has a long history of application and the best quality. Western scholars once called Hetian jade Chinese jade as a representative of China's unique jade. Hetian jade is mainly distributed in the Altun Mountains and Kunlun Mountains in the south of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang. It is from Qiemo County in the east and Tashkurgan County in the west. The east and west stretches over 1,100 kilometers. The basic color of Hetian jade is white, yellow, cyan and ink. The texture is fine in white, the luster is moist, and the smooth and smooth as the sheep fat, called sheep fat jade, is the most valuable variety in Hetian jade.
Other famous ancient nephrite producing areas include Liaoning Xiuyan, Shaanxi Lantian and Henan Dushan. The tremolite produced by Xiyuyan in Xiuyan, Liaoning Province is commonly known as “Xiyan Laoyuâ€. The texture is fine, the color is white, green, yellow and green. Many jade articles of Hongshan culture in the Neolithic Age are made of jade materials. of. Xiuyan and Shaanxi Lantian also produce serpentine jade. The color is usually light green with a slight yellow band, but also green beans, yellow green, white, yellow, dark green. Lan Tianyu was extensively mined during the Han and Tang Dynasties. Dushan is a small mountain in the northern suburbs of Nanyang City, Henan Province. The famous Dushan jade is produced here. The color of Dushan jade is more complicated, with white, green, yellow, purple and other colors. The texture is fine but uneven, and the colors are intertwined. Jadeite is a mineral species in the pyroxene group of smectites. It is translucent to slightly transparent and has colors such as green, red, yellow, white and purple. Jadeite, also known as jadeite, is named after the jade bird. This bird's feathers are red, called ostriches, and the female feathers are fresh and green. They are called kingfishers. The main color of the jade is in line with this bird, hence the name. Jadeite is a favorite jade variety of modern people. Emerald jade is the most precious thing in jadeite. It is like rain and wash holly, emerald green, bright and clear, crystal clear and delicate. 90% of the world's jadeites were produced in Burma. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, they were imported into the mainland in large quantities. The shapes of the dragons were hooked, square plates, bracelets and necklaces.
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As the saying goes: Jade does not mean nothing. As early as in prehistoric times, the ancients have mastered a set of techniques that are primitive and simple, yet sophisticated and sophisticated. In archaeological excavations, some original jade tools, as well as discarded scraps and jade articles with traces of processing, were found to allow us to sequentially recover the actual process that was closer to the jade at that time. It is speculated that the jade process at that time was divided into mining jade, opening eyes, solving jade, drilling, grinding, engraving, polishing and so on.
The craft of Chinese jade was carried out in handicraft workshops until modern times. From the perspective of the jade industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the process flow is roughly divided into five steps.
The first step is to open the jade, which is to cut off the rough stone surface wrapped in the jade material. The main tool for cutting is the band saw. When sawing, it is necessary to add water and finely divided stone sand (ie jade sand) to reduce the heat generated by friction and increase the friction coefficient.
The second step is to machine the jade material on the lathe to make a rough outline of the object. The lathe for processing jade is called “Rotary Carâ€, and it is equipped with “Zha Shiyu†(round thin steel plate), “Crushing Stone†(round steel ring) and “Millstone†(round thick steel plate). First, cut the jade into squares or square bars, then rinse off the edges and corners, and finally grind the surface of the object.
The third step is to sculpt the jade that has been carved into a shape, hollowing out their inner shackles, forming an empty space in the inner space. The tools used are a steel reel and an iron shaft with a hook at one end. For small items such as snuff bottles, fingers, cigarettes, etc., you need to be especially skilled when you are hollowing out.
The fourth step is to sculpt various patterns on the outer surface of the jade. The tools used are similar to the shape of the nails, and the main lines are engraved. The hollowed pattern needs to be drilled. The tools used are curved bows and diamonds. The hardness of the diamond is 10 degrees, which can inspire all minerals. When engraving the openwork pattern, use a steel wire to extend into the drilled hole and cut it according to the line drawn on the jade piece.
The fifth step is to carefully polish the appearance of the carved jade. First, use wooden discs to cover the cowhide (called "piston"), and match it with sand-like "treasures" for the final polishing.
Whenever we appreciate the exquisite jade in ancient times, we will think of a puzzling question when we admire it: What tools did the ancients used to cure jade articles thousands of years ago? In the prehistoric period, the level of production technology was very low. The production tools used by people were made of natural materials such as stone, wood, bone, teeth, horns, and scorpions, and animal bones. The hardness was far less than that of bronze and iron. Jade with a higher hardness is obviously quite laborious.
Extract the soil jade
The jade culture of prehistoric times in China is most developed with the Hongshan culture in the north and the Liangzhu culture in the south. Hongshan culture is distributed in southeastern Inner Mongolia, western Liaoning, and northern Hebei. Most of the Hongshan culture jade articles are polished by whole body, using round carving, relief, openwork, drilling, line engraving and other techniques. The shape of the jade pig, the hook cloud shape, the jade hoop and so on.
The jade style is simple and unconstrained. The outstanding feature is a special artistic summary of various animal images, which emphasizes the sense of symmetry and the sense of symmetry. Most jade ornaments are ground to an acute angle like a blade. The shallow groove pattern is finely ground on the jade surface, or it is hidden or present, rich in variation, and has a special decorative aesthetic. The Liangzhu culture is distributed in the Taihu Lake area on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It has a three-forked crown, jade, jade and jade.
Many jade articles of Liangzhu culture are engraved with the image of the gods and human beings. It combines with jade to become the ideal symbol of the ancient Chinese cosmology, the product of the totem system, pure witchcraft and The artifacts of religion should be designed and produced under the impulse of witchcraft and religious beliefs.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the jade carvings with vivid and beautiful shapes and the largest number were jade carvings of various animal images. These jade carvings are both flat and round, with exquisite carvings, novel and diverse themes, strong realism, lively posture and high appreciation value.
On some jade carvings, there are often small holes that can be worn for wearing, which are carry-on decorations; others have larger holes and rectangular grooves for inserting in the lower part; some jade carvings can be worn, and It can be inlaid and is carefully designed.
These small and exquisite jade carving animals open a window for us to understand Shang and Zhou art. Because the animal-shaped jade carving is mainly used for wearing and viewing, and has decorative functions, it is conceptually separated from the ideology of the ritual jade ideology at that time, and becomes a jade worker to get rid of the mysterious artistic color and express the longing for the natural image. A small world.
On the basis of daily observations of the various forms of nature, birds and beasts, the jade workers have fully utilized their imagination and superb tanning techniques to engrave a living and vivid animal that shows us a vibrant life. Natural sight. The subjects of realistic jade carvings include beast livestock, birds, waterfowl and insects.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a situation in which "a hundred schools of thought contend". Each school put forward its own views on the functional value of jade articles from different standpoints.
Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, attaches great importance to the ritual system, and is highly respected for jade rituals. He emphasized that the inner beauty of jade and the expression of jade should be consistent with the content. Because Confucianism was dominated by the feudal rulers of the later generations, Confucius also had the greatest influence on the conceptualization of the later jade system.
In the process of the development of Chinese jade culture, due to the intervention of Confucianism, jade articles evolved from the original "original" of primitive religious activities and the original rituals of sacrificial ghosts and gods to the aristocratic class to express their identity and status. Institutionalization; thus, jade has changed from serving mainly "God" to serving mainly "people." The Confucian school inherited and carried forward the tradition of the ancients who loved jade and Chongyu. They chose "Jade" as the carrier of their political thoughts and moral concepts, and advocated "the gentleman is better than the jade", which moralized and personalized the jade and greatly enhanced the jade. The cultural content makes jade culture occupy an important position in Chinese traditional culture.
Jade crafts era
The development of ancient Chinese jade can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage from the prehistoric era to the Han Dynasty, which is characterized by the institutionalization of jade use, the ornamentation is full of mystery and the shape is far from the world. For example, the complete burial jade system in the Han Dynasty, the hierarchical system used in jade clothing, and so on. In the second stage, from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the jade style gradually got rid of the mystery and developed into secularization, reflecting a strong sense of life.
The characteristics of jade articles in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Song Dynasty were based on realism and were quite interesting. They were expressed in the subject matter of the works, and there were jade carvings and jade ornaments with a large number of figures of flowers and birds. The Qidan and Jurchen are two ancient nationalities in the north of China. The Liao and Jinuo countries that they established successively have become the empire on the desert grassland of Megatron. Both Qidan and Jurchen use hunting and grazing as their main economic activities. Their artistic style has obvious national characteristics. On the jade, it is the unique "Spring Water Jade" with the theme of catching geese and the theme of the mountain forest tiger deer. "Autumn Mountain Jade."
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the most glorious era for the development of Chinese jade. The court jade was its representative. It reached its peak in terms of quantity, variety, processing technology and decorative patterns. The Qianlong Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty was the heyday of jade production. The most striking thing about the jade in the Qing Dynasty is the jade carving of the mountain. It uses natural jade material and is designed to engrave the landscape, condensing the landscapes, figures and pavilions of nature on a piece of jade, and receiving the artistic effect of seeing big and small. Reflects the essence of natural beauty. It is a jade carving variety created by Yangzhou Yugong during the Qing Emperor Qianlong period. It represents the highest level of ancient Chinese jade carving crafts. The most brilliant works are the world-famous "Dayu Water Control Map" Yushan. This jade mountain weighs 7 tons and took 10 years to complete. It is the largest work in the history of Chinese jade carving.
Since the Song Dynasty, there has been a prevalence of antiques in the royal aristocracy, the dignitaries and the literati. They are widely distributed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, three generations and even more ancient artifacts, and are collected as cherished objects. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this kind of atmosphere reached a very high level. From the royal family to the folk, all of them were keen on the collection and appreciation of antiquities, and ancient jade became an important category in the appreciation. But the real ancient jade is, after all, something that can't be re-created in later generations. The number is very limited, but the number of players is increasing, and the ancient jade trade is gradually active.
In this context, antique jade came into being. Antique jade is a jade that mimics ancient jade and bronze patterns. The purpose of making antique jade is mostly to obtain high profits, while the Qing Dynasty court jade workshop is to make antique jade to meet the needs of the royal family. Antique jade appeared in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the manufacture, sale, collection, and enjoyment of antique jade in the Qing Dynasty. The scales reached a climax, and the number was quite impressive. The museums and cultural relics departments in various places collected more and became the jade in Ming and Qing Dynasties. An important part of it.
When jade becomes antiques - antique jade
The antique jade articles of the Qing Dynasty were complex and diverse, and the jade articles that appeared from the Neolithic Age to the Qing Dynasty were all objects of deliberate imitation. To imitate ancient jade, we must first look for jade materials similar to those of unearthed jade. Because the ancient jade is buried underground for a long time, the jade will be etched to varying degrees, and there will be discoloration and ossification. The folks often use inferior jade with spots, squats, scorpions, or jade, and the colors are mainly variegated, stone, and dark yellow, in order to achieve chaotic effects. The court antiques use more pure sapphire and jasper, using artificial twilight and other methods.
The jade articles since the Han and Tang Dynasties are more elaborated by Hetian Yangzhiyu than the exquisite ones. Therefore, the antique jade in the Qing Palace is made of jade as a jade material, and the production is also very delicate. The old methods of antique jade in the Qing Dynasty are as follows: First, dyeing, mainly amber and blood. The ancient jade was buried underground, and it was dark yellow after being etched, so it was dyed with amber to imitation. According to ancient players, the ancient jade in the tomb was etched by the blood of the corpse and turned dark red, so it was often dyed in crimson when it was old.
The second is the color of baking, that is, the color burned with fire. Mainly to cover up the yellow patches formed by cockroaches and imitation bandits. The third is to use the characteristics of deep and rough jade color to imitate old jade. The fourth is to use fake putty to make fake ochre, black, sputum, earthy yellow and so on. The emergence and development of antique jade was related to the economic and cultural conditions at that time, reflecting to some extent the artistic style of the time. In the creation, Yugong made full use of wisdom and skill to produce ancient jade with antique and eternal style. Therefore, antique jade is unique in the history of Chinese jade, and has a special status.
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